Hamwe n'ibyiza birimo imbaraga nyinshi, gukomera cyane, n'ubwubatsi bugezweho,inyubako z'ibyumaUbu ishyigikira ibikorwa byose mu nganda, ubwikorezi, ingufu, imijyi n'amazu yo guturamo. Izi nyubako zitanga uburyo bwo kohereza imizigo neza, imiterere yoroshye, no gutanga imishinga vuba, ibi bigatuma icyuma kiba ingenzi mu buhanga bugezweho no mu iterambere rirambye.
Inyubako z'ibyuma mu bwubatsi bw'inganda
Inyubako Nkuru z'Uruganda rw'Ingufu n'Amazu y'Amashanyarazi
Inyubako nyamukuru y'uruganda rutanga ingufu igomba kuba irimo ibikoresho biremereye nka turbine z'umwuka na moteri zitanga umuriro, buri kimwe gipima toni zirenga 300. Abashushanya bakoresha sisitemu zo gushyigikira inkingi z'icyuma zifite imiyoboro y'inkingi kugeza kuri metero 12 × 12, ibyo bikaba byemerera gushyiraho ibikoresho byoroshye kandi binoze.
Amazu y’ubushyuhe akora mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bukabije, aho ubushyuhe bw’itanura burenga 1200°C. Ibikoresho by’icyuma bisaba irangi rikomeye ridashobora gushya kugira ngo rigere ku rugero rwo kwirinda umuriro rw’amasaha atatu. Iyo bihujwe n’ibikoresho byo gushyushya nk’udupira tw’ubwoya bw’amabuye, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bushobora kuguma munsi ya 150°C.
Kugira ngo hubahirizwe amabwiriza mpuzamahanga agenga umutekano w’inkongi, ibice bikozwe mu cyuma cya Q345B bigira ubushobozi bwo kwirinda inkongi igihe kirenze amasaha abiri kandi bigumana imbaraga zirenga 95% by’inyubako zabyo kuri 150°C.
Mu gihe cyo gushushanya inyubako nkuru y’uruganda rw’amashanyarazi, abahanga bakunze gukoresha icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gihujwe n’ibice by’ubutaka bivanze. Ubu buryo butuma amakara akoreshwa mu byuma afite uburebure bwa metero 70. Ikoreshwa ry’icyuma riguma riri hagati ya kg 120 kuri metero kare, ibi bigabanya uburemere bw’inyubako ku kigero cya 40% ugereranije na sima kandi bikongera imikorere y’imitingito.
Inganda z'ibyuma n'inganda zikora ingendo
Imashini zikora uruganda rwo gukurura imigozi mu nganda z'ibyuma zigomba kwihanganira imitwaro y'imashini itwara toni 200. Abashushanya ubusanzwe bahitamo inkingi z'amasanduku zihujwe n'imigozi y'icyuma ifite ishusho ya H, mu gihe imbavu zikomera ku bice bifatanye zirushaho kugorana gukata.
Ibyuma byo guteranya amagorofa akenshi bisaba ahantu hasobanutse harenga metero 30 kugira ngo hashyirweho sisitemu zo gukurura amagorofa. Igisenge cy'icyuma gifite ubugari bwa metero 3 gishobora gutuma imbere hatagira inkingi.
Ibice by'icyuma muri iyi mishinga bikunze guhabwa galvanizing ishyushye ifite ubugari bwa μm 85. Ubu buryo bwo kuvura bwujuje ibisabwa mu kurinda ingese mu duce duto aho ubunini bwa SO₂ buguma munsi ya 50 mg/m³ kandi bugatuma ubuzima bumara imyaka irenga 50.
Inyubako z'ibyuma mu buhanga mu gutwara abantu n'ibintu
Imishinga y'ibiraro by'ibiti bifite uburebure buri munsi ya metero 50 ikoresha cyane imigozi y'icyuma ifite ishusho ya H. Inganda zishyiramo iyi migozi mu bice, zikayitwara aho ikorerwa, hanyuma zikayihuza binyuze mu gufunga no gusudira. Ubu buryo bugabanya igihe cyo kubaka ho 60% ugereranije n'ibiraro bya sima.
Ibiraro biramba bifite uburebure kuva kuri metero 50 kugeza kuri metero 150 bikunze gukoresha ibyuma biramba. Mu gihe cyo gushinga, abahanga bakoresha uburyo bwo kubaka cantilever, butuma bubakwa nta nkunga z'igihe gito.
Imishinga y'ibiraro bya truss ishingiye ku bice bisanzwe bifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara toni 45. Abakozi bakora ibi biraro vuba, bigatuma biba byiza mu bwubatsi bw'ibiraro byihutirwa.
Uduce dushobora kwangirika n'umunaniro nk'uduhurizo dushongeshejwe dukenera ibyuma bikomeye cyane nka Q370qE. Abashushanya ubusanzwe bagabanya uburebure bw'umuvuduko muri utwo duce bukaba munsi ya 100 MPa kugira ngo bakomeze igihe kirekire.
Inyubako z'ibyuma mu buhanga mu by'ingufu
Sisitemu zo gushyigikira ingufu z'umuyaga n'ingufu z'amashanyarazi
Iminara ya turbine y'umuyaga ubusanzwe igera ku burebure buri hagati ya metero 80 na metero 140. Iyi minara ikoresha imiyoboro y'icyuma ikozwe mu cyuma cya Q345D, gifite ubugari bw'urukuta buri hagati ya mm 16 na mm 40, gihujwe binyuze mu byuma bisudira. Ifu y'ibanze y'umunara ishobora gutwara imizigo irenga 5000 kN.
Sisitemu zoroshye zo gushyigikira amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic zifite uburebure kuva kuri metero 100 kugeza kuri metero 300 zikoresha insinga z'icyuma n'inyubako z'imigozi. Ikoreshwa ry'icyuma riguma kuri toni 8 kuri megawati imwe, ibyo bikaba bizigama hafi 30% by'ubuso bw'ubutaka ugereranije na sisitemu za sima kandi bikwiranye neza n'imisozi miremire.
Interineti zigendanwa zo mu mahanga
Imbuga zicukura mu mazi zigenda zikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe zikoresha imiterere y'icyuma nk'ikoti. Imbuga zikoresha ibyuma bifite ubugari bwa metero 1.2. Icyuma kigomba kuzuza amabwiriza ya NACE MR0175 yo kurwanya ingese kugira ngo gikore neza mu bidukikije bitera umunyu.
Inyubako z'ibyuma mu bwubatsi bw'amazu n'ubw'agateganyo
Inyubako z'amazu zo guturamo z'ibyuma n'amazu yubatswe mbere
Inyubako zo guturamo zo hasi zifite igorofa rimwe kugeza kuri atatu zikunze gukoresha ibyuma bikonje kandi bito bifite ubugari buri hagati ya mm 1.5 na mm 3. Uburemere bw'urukuta buguma buri hagati ya 0.3 kN kuri metero kare, mu gihe ubukana bw'imitingito bugera ku rwego rwa 8.
Imishinga y’amazu maremare afite amagorofa arenga icumi akenshi ikoresha imiterere y’icyuma n’inkingi y’umuyoboro. Ubu buryo bugabanya ibice by’inkingi ku kigero cya 30% kandi bukongera ubuso bw’ubutaka bukoreshwa ku kigero cya 8% ugereranije n’inyubako za sima.
Amazu y'agateganyo n'inyubako zishobora gusenywa
Amazu y’amakontena ashingiye ku buryo bwa metero 3 × metero 6 akoresha uruvange rw’amakaramu y’icyuma n’amabara y’icyuma. Buri gice gipima toni zigera kuri 2.5 kandi gituma habaho guterana vuba. Mu gihe cya COVID-19, ibitaro byinshi by’agateganyo byakoresheje ubu buryo bw’ubwubatsi.
Inzu z'imurikagurisha zikunze gukoresha sisitemu z'icyuma zishobora gusenywa zifite aho zihurira n'imigozi. Izi nyubako zitanga umusaruro mwiza kandi zigatanga igipimo cyo kongera gukoreshwa kigera kuri 90%, ibi bigatuma ziba nziza cyane mu bikorwa byinshi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-26-2026