Uburyo bwo guhitamo icyuma cyiza cyo gukoresha mu mushinga wawe

Umugozi w'icyuma ni inkingi y'inyubako nyinshi n'inyubako. Ushyigikira uburemere, ukomeza guhagarara neza, kandi utuma ubuzima buramba. Guhitamo umugozi w'icyuma ukwiye bigira ingaruka ku mutekano, ikiguzi, no kunoza imikorere y'inyubako. Guhitamo nabi bishobora gutuma habaho ikiguzi kinini cyangwa se no kwangirika kw'inyubako. Hamwe n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'imigozi, ingano, n'amanota bihari, guhitamo neza bisaba kwitabwaho ku buryo burambuye. Abahanga mu by'ubwubatsi bakunze gufata ibyemezo bashingiye ku bikenewe ku mutwaro, uburebure bw'inyubako, n'amategeko agenga imiterere.Umuringa mwiza w'icyumabipima imbaraga, ubukungu, n'ubwiza.

Sobanukirwa intego y'umurabyo

Mbere yo guhitamo igiti cy'icyuma, ugomba gusobanukirwa icyo kigamije. Igiti cyo hasi mu nzu gitandukanye n'icy'inganda. Buri giti gitwara ubwoko butandukanye bw'umutwaro—umutwaro wapfuye, umutwaro uzima, cyangwa umutwaro uhindagurika. Urugero, igiti cyo mu gisenge cy'ububiko gishobora gutwara ibiro 1.500 by'ibikoresho n'umutwaro w'urubura, mu gihe igiti cyo hasi mu biro bito gishobora gutwara ibiro 300 gusa kuri metero imwe.

Abahanga mu by'ubwubatsi bakunze gushyira imitako mu byiciro hakurikijwe imikorere: imitako y'ibanze, iy'inyongera, cyangwa iy'inkombe. Imitako y'ibanze ishyigikira indi mitako, bityo ikaba ikeneye imbaraga nyinshi. Imitako y'inyongera ikwirakwiza imizigo ku mitako y'ibanze. Imitako y'inkombe iremereye hejuru y'imifungure nk'inzugi n'amadirishya.

Urugero, uburebure bwa mm 200 × 100 mm I bushobora gukora neza ku burebure bwa metero 6. Ariko, igice cya mm 400 × 200 mm gishobora gukenerwa ku burebure bwa metero 12 z'inganda. Gusobanukirwa iri tandukaniro bigufasha kwirinda gushushanya cyane cyangwa kudashushanya neza.

Ni byiza kandi gutekereza ku bidukikije. Imitako yo hanze ihura n'ubushuhe n'impinduka z'ubushyuhe. Imitako yo mu nzu ishobora gukenera guhangana n'ihindagurika ry'imitingito cyangwa ibipfundikizo byo ku gisenge. Gusobanukirwa neza imikorere y'umutako bituma imikorere yawo ikora neza mu gihe cyose ukiriho.

Menya ubwoko busanzwe bw'imiringa y'icyuma

Intambwe ikurikiraho ni ukwiga ubwoko bw'imirimbo. Imirimbo isanzwe y'icyuma irimo imirimbo ya I, imirimbo ya H, imirimbo ya T, n'imirimbo y'amasanduku. Buri imwe ifite imiterere yihariye.

Imirasire ya I, nanone yitwa imirasire isanzwe, ifite urukuta rugufi n'udupira twagutse. Ni tworoheje kandi tubereye imitwaro iringaniye. Umurasire wa I wa 200 × 100 × 5.7 mm ushobora gufata neza uburebure bwa 10 kN/m bitewe n'uburebure bw'umurambararo.

Imirasire ya H-ikomeye kandi iremereye. Imirasire yayo migari itanga ubushobozi bwo kuremerera no kudakomera. Umurasire wa H-ifite uburebure bwa 300 × 300 × 10 mm ushobora gutwara 25 kN/m. Iyi ni myiza cyane ku biraro no ku nyubako zikomeye z'inganda.

Imirasire ya T ikomoka mu guca imirasire ya I mo kabiri. Ni ingirakamaro ku bice bigufi no ku buryo bwo hasi.

Imiringa y'amasanduku cyangwa ibice bifite ububobere bifite imiterere ifunze irwanya torsion. Bikunze kugaragara mu nyubako n'iminara by'ubwubatsi. Urugero, umuringa w'amasanduku wa 200 × 200 × 8 mm ushobora gushyigikira uburebure bwa 15 kN/m kandi ugakomera neza.

Guhitamo ubwoko bw'ibikoresho biterwa n'imiterere y'imitwaro yawe n'imiterere y'igishushanyo. Inzu y'ububiko ikunze gukoresha imirasire ya H kugira ngo ikomere, mu gihe inzu nto ishobora gukoresha imirasire y'amasanduku kugira ngo irusheho kuba nziza.

Nanone, reba aho uherereye n'uburyo bwo gukora. Hari uturere dushobora kuba dufite imirasire ya H-beam mike ariko imirasire ya I-beam myinshi. Kumenya ubwoko bwayo hakiri kare bizigama igihe, bikerekana ko ikwiranye neza, kandi bigabanya imyanda mu musaruro.

Genzura urwego rw'ibikoresho n'imbaraga byabyo

Ingano y'ibikoresho ni ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi. Bigaragaza ingano y'umuraba ushobora kwihanganira mbere yo guhindura cyangwa kuvunika. Ingano isanzwe irimo Q235, Q345, na ASTM A36.

Q235 ifite imbaraga zo gutanga umusaruro zigera kuri 235 MPa. Ikora ku mashusho yoroheje, nk'amaduka mato cyangwa mezzanines. Q345 cyangwa ASTM A572 Grade 50 itanga hafi 345 MPa, ikwiriye inyubako ziremereye, cranes, cyangwa uburebure.

Urugero, niba igiti gishyigikira toni 10 mu burebure bwa metero 6, icyuma cya Q235 gishobora gukenera igice kinini (tuvuge nka mm 400 × 200). Ukoresheje icyuma cya Q345, ushobora gukoresha igiti gito cya mm 350 × 175. Ibikoresho bikomeye bigabanya ingano n'uburemere bw'icyuma, bigagabanya ikoreshwa ry'icyuma muri rusange ho 10–15%.

Ariko, icyuma cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru kigura amafaranga menshi. Umugozi wa Q235 ushobora kugura $600 kuri toni, mu gihe Q345 igura $700 kuri toni. Buri gihe shyira ikiguzi ku giciro n'icyifuzo cy'inyubako.

Nanone, yemeza koibyuma bihuraibipimo ngenderwaho by’igihugu. Icyemezo cy’ikizamini cy’uruganda (MTC) kigomba kugaragaza imbaraga z’umusaruro, imbaraga zo gukurura, n’imiterere ya chimique. Umurabyo mwiza ugomba gutsinda ikizamini cya ultrasound kugira ngo hamenyekane inenge z’imbere.

Ku mishinga yo mu turere dutose cyangwa ku nkombe z'inyanja, hitamo ibyuma bya galvanised cyangwa ibyuma bihindagurika. Birwanya ingese kandi byongera igihe cyo kubaho kirenga 30%. Ingano ikwiye ituma habaho umutekano n'ubukungu.

Suzuma Ingano n'Ishusho by'Umurabyo

Ingano n'imiterere y'umuraba bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku mbaraga no ku buryo uhinduka. Guhitamo ingano biterwa n'uburebure bw'ikirenge n'umutwaro ukoreshwa. Abahanga mu by'imashini bakoresha formula cyangwa porogaramu kugira ngo babone igihe gikenewe cyo guhagarara no guhagarara kw'igice cy'umuraba.

Nk'ubuyobozi bworoshye:

Ku burebure bwa metero 4–6, koresha imirasire ya I ifite ubujyakuzimu bwa mm 200–250.

Ku ntera ya metero 8-10, koresha imiringa ifite uburebure bwa mm 300-400.

Ku burebure burenga metero 12, koresha imirasire ya H cyangwa imirasire y'igiti.

Urugero, umutambiko wa metero 6 ushyigikira ibiro 500/m ushobora gukoresha umutambiko wa I ufite uburebure bwa mm 200. Niba umutwaro umwe ugera kuri metero 12, guhindukira kwikuba kabiri, kandi ushobora gukenera umutambiko wa mm 400 z'ubujyakuzimu.

Buri gihe ikigereranyo cy'umuraba gikwiye. Igipimo cy'ubugari n'ubujyakuzimu bw'ibice by'urukuta ntibigomba kurenza 0.5. Iyo ari binini cyane, hashobora kubaho gufungana mu gace runaka.

Nanone, reba imiterere y'aho ibintu bikenewe byihariye. Imitako ifite imitako irambuye irinda ibikoresho biri ku bisenge birebire. Imitako y'amasanduku irwanya guhindagurika kw'inyubako nk'imitako cyangwa iminara. Imitako ifite imiterere igoramye ishobora kongera isura mu miterere y'inyubako.

Imiterere myiza y'ishusho irushaho kunoza imiterere n'imikorere. Iyo utazi neza, gereranya amahitamo y'imirasire ukoresheje imbonerahamwe z'ibice. Inganda nyinshi zitanga imbonerahamwe zifite ubushobozi bw'igihe n'uburemere kuri metero imwe.

Guhitamo ingano ikwiye y'umurabyo birinda ikiguzi kidakenewe mu gihe bishimangira imbaraga n'ubudahangarwa.

Tekereza ku bintu byo gukora no gushyiraho ibikoresho

Ndetse n'umugozi ukomeye ushobora kwangirika iyo bigoye kuwukora cyangwa kuwushyiraho. Ugomba gutekereza buri gihe uko umugozi uzakorwa, uzatwarwa, kandi uteranywa.

Ku dukoresho duto two gusudira, gusudira umuyoboro wa H wa metero 10 bishobora kugorana. Muri ibyo bihe, guhuza imiyoboro y'amapine bikora neza kurushaho. Umuyoboro wa metero 10 ushobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri bya metero 5 ugahuzwa aho ukorera. Ibi bigabanya ikiguzi cyo gutwara imizigo n'ubwikorezi ku kigero cya 20–30%.

Gutunganya ubuso nabyo ni ingenzi. Imitako ya galagisi cyangwa irangi irwanya ingese kandi yongera igihe cyo kuyikoresha. Urugero, epoxy primer ishobora gutinza ingese mu gihe cy'imyaka 15 mu turere two ku nkombe z'inyanja.

Tekereza gucukura imyobo, gukata flange, no gusudira plate. Gukora nabi bishobora gutuma ubushobozi bw'imigozi bugabanuka. Buri gihe menya neza ko imyobo ishyizwemo nibura inshuro ebyiri z'ubugari bw'flange uvuye ku nkengero.

Inguni yo gushyiraho no guhuza imiterere y'icyuma nabyo bigira ingaruka ku mikorere. Umugozi uhengamye gato ushobora gutera stress idahuye. Mu gihe cyo gushinga, koresha ingano y'umwuka n'amabolt agenzurwa na torque.

Hanyuma, reba izina ry'umucuruzi. Umufundi mwiza akurikiza amahame ya ISO 9001 kandi agakoresha abasudira bemewe. Gutunganya neza bituma buri giti cyuzuza ubuziranenge bumwe.

Gukora no gushyiraho neza igishushanyo mbonera gihindura imiterere myiza ikamera nk'inyubako ifite umutekano. Kwirengagiza iki cyiciro bishobora gukuraho ibyiza by'icyuma cyiza.

Guhitamo icyuma cyiza bisaba ibirenze gukeka ukurikije ingano cyangwa uburemere. Bisaba gusobanukirwa imikorere, ubwoko bw'icyuma, urwego rw'ibikoresho, ingano, n'ubwiza bw'aho gishyirwa. Gukoresha amakuru akwiye no kugenzura ubwiza muri buri ntambwe birinda gutsindwa no kugabanya ikiguzi cy'igihe kirekire.