Nigute Wahitamo Ibice Byiza by'Icyuma?

Guhitamo ubwiza bwo hejuruibice by'imiterere y'icyumaIgena umutekano, igihe serivisi izamara, n'ikiguzi cy'umushinga wose. Injeniyeri zigomba gusuzuma urwego rw'ibikoresho, ukuri kw'ibice, ubwiza bw'ibikorwa, n'uburyo bwo kurinda. Buri kintu kigira ingaruka ku bushobozi bw'umutwaro, kudacika intege, n'ibikenewe mu kubungabunga.

Imibare y’Ishyirahamwe ry’Ibyuma ku Isi igaragaza ko ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma ku isi mu bwubatsi rirenga toni miliyari 1.8 buri mwaka. Gutsindwa kw’ibyuma mu bwubatsi akenshi bifitanye isano no guhitamo nabi ibice aho kuba amakosa mu bwubatsi. Guhitamo nabi ibice akenshi byongera ikiguzi cy’ubuzima ku kigero kirenga 20%. Guhitamo neza bigabanya ibyago byo kubakwa kandi bikongera imikorere myiza mu bwubatsi.

Icyiciro cy'ibikoresho by'imiterere y'icyuma

Ingano y'ibikoresho ni yo shingiro ry'ubuziranenge bw'ibice. Ibihugu n'uturere bitandukanye bifite amahame atandukanye ku manota y'ibyuma. Urugero, Q235 na Q355 bikunze gukoreshwa mu byuma by'ubwubatsi mu Bushinwa. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ASTM A36 na ASTM A572 Ingano ya 50 bikunze gukoreshwa. Ibice bya EN S355 ni byo bikunze gukoreshwa cyane ku isoko ry'i Burayi.

Mu iterambere ry’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, hazabaho kugura ibintu byinshi biva mu mahanga. Kugira ngo hakemurwe ikibazo cy’ibicuruzwa bitandukanye n’ibipimo by’ibicuruzwa fatizo. Abatanga ibicuruzwa basabwa gutanga ibyemezo byemewe by’ibikoresho kugira ngo barebe ko imbaraga z’umusaruro, imbaraga zo gukurura no kurekura ibicuruzwa byabo byujuje ibisabwa n’umuguzi. Imbaraga z’umusaruro w’icyuma cya Q235 zitari munsi ya 235Mpa, naho icyuma cya Q355 gisa na EN S355, kigera kuri 355MPa. Imbaraga z’umusaruro wa ASTM A36 zitari munsi ya 250Mpa, naho ASTM A572 Grade 50de zingana na 345Mpa.

Ingano y'ibice byambukiranya imiterere n'ubuziranenge bw'imiterere y'ibice by'icyuma

Ingano y'igice cyambukiranya ni cyo gipimo cy'ingenzi kigena ubushobozi bwo gutwara, imbaraga zo gukurura no gukomera kw'igice.Icyuma gifite ishusho ya HUrugero, iyo uburebure buri munsi ya mm 400, ubugari bwemewe bw'ubugari bwa flange bugenzurwa muri rusange muri ± 2 mm, kandi ubugari bw'urukuta ntibugomba kurenza ± 0.5 mm. Uburebure bw'igice nabwo ni ingenzi, kandi ubusanzwe ubugari ntiburenze 1/1000 cy'uburebure bw'igice. Urugero, ku giti cy'uburebure bwa metero 12, ubugari bugomba kuba munsi ya mm 12.

Ubuhanga bw'ibice bigize imiterere y'ubuhanga buzagira ingaruka ku buryo bwo gutwara no kugorana k'ibikoresho byo gushyiraho. Inyubako z'ibyuma zifite ibisabwa byinshi kugira ngo zikore neza mu gihe cyo kubaka. Ikosa ry'ubuhanga bw'ibice mu bunini cyangwa mu mwobo wo gushyiramo rizatuma igice kidashyirwa neza nk'uko byagenwe. Ibi ntibisaba gusa ko umushinga uhindura ibice by'inyubako aho byagenewe, bikongera igihe n'ikiguzi cy'umushinga, ahubwo binatera ibyago no kongera ibyago ku mutekano w'inyubako.

Biba ngombwa guhitamo umutanga munini. Kubera ko abatanga ibikoresho banini kandi bafite ubuziranenge muri rusange bafite imashini zipima ultrasonic, imashini zica laser, imashini zicukura za 3D CNC n'ibindi bikoresho. Ibi bikoresho bishobora kugabanya amakosa yo gukoresha neza ibice mu gusudira no gukora. Ikosa ry'ingano y'ibice rishobora kugenzurwa muri ± 1mm, kandi ikosa ryo gucukura ntirirenze ± 0.5mm. Muri icyo gihe, abatanga ibikoresho banini muri rusange bafite itsinda ry'abashushanya bafite uburambe, bashobora kwirinda ibyago byinshi n'ingorane mbere y'igihe.

Uburyo bwo kurwanya ingese ku bice by'icyuma

Bitewe n'uko ibikoresho by'icyuma bigabanya ingese, uburyo bwo kurwanya ingese ni ingenzi mu gupima ubuzima n'ubwiza bw'ibice by'icyuma. Muri rusange, uburyo bwo kurwanya ingese bugabanyamo ibice bitatu, ari byo gusiga ingese, guturika no gukuraho ingese, n'uburyo bwo gusiga ingese.

Uburyo busanzwe bwo kurinda icyuma bushyushye. Ubunini bw'urwego rwa zinc muri rusange ni hagati ya 65 na 85µm, bushobora gutanga uburinzi mu gihe kirenga imyaka 30 mu kirere kirimo kwangirika gake. Iyi sano ikunze gutangwa n'uruganda rukora ibikoresho fatizo by'icyuma. Nyuma yo gukora, uruganda rugomba guturitsa ibice. Binyuze mu gutera kwangirika kw'amasasu kuzenguruka vuba, umwanda n'ingese ku buso bw'ibice birakurwaho. Muri icyo gihe, iyi nzira izongera ubukana bw'ubuso bw'igice kandi yongere uburyo igipfundikizo gifatana.

Gutera irangi ni intambwe ya nyuma mu kuvura ingese ku byuma. Abakozi bazakoresha irangi ritandukanye kugira ngo batere irangi ku bikoresho inshuro nyinshi. Ubusanzwe, irangi ryiza rigizwe n'ibice byinshi nka epoxy primer, irangi riciriritse na polyurethane topcoat, rifite ubugari bwa 200µm. Ubu buryo butuma ubuso bw'ikintu burinda cyane irangi, kandi bushobora gutuma habaho uruziga rw'imyaka 15-20 rudatera irangi.

Ibice by'itumanaho bidashobora kwirengagizwa

Ibice by'ihuza akenshi ni byo bigenga ubwizigame bw'inyubako. Amaboliti, plaque, n'ibifunga bigomba guhuza n'ibisabwa ku mutwaro. Amaboliti akomeye cyane akenshi akurikiza amahame ya ASTM A325 cyangwa A490. Amaboliti ya ASTM A325 atanga imbaraga nkeya zo gukurura zigera kuri 830 MPa. Amaboliti ya A490 agera kuri 1.040 MPa. Koresha imiyoboro ihindagurika ku mitwaro ihindagurika. Iyi miyoboro isaba ko ibipimo byo kugongana kw'ubuso biri hejuru ya 0.35. Imbaraga zo gushyushya kuri boliti za M20 A325 zigera kuri 172 kN.

Ibyuma bihuza bigomba kuba bihuye cyangwa birenga urugero rw'icyuma gihuza. Ubunini bw'ibyuma busanzwe buri hagati ya mm 8 na 25 mu nyubako z'inganda. Ibyuma bihuza bigomba kwirinda gucika intege no gukata. Ibyuma bihuza ibyuma bifite uburebure bwa 8.8 bitanga imbaraga za 640 MPa. Intera ikwiye y'inkombe irinda ko beto icika. Intera nto y'inkombe igomba kuba ingana nibura na metero enye z'inkombe. Guhitamo neza ibice bihuza ibyuma bigabanya ibyago byo kwangirika kw'ingingo ku kigero kirenga 40% mu bihe bikomeye.